How the Internet Has Changed Social Activities and Created New Cultural Norms

The Internet Shay Billings American History 1/4/2011 ROBIN THOMAS The Internet In the 1990’s the internet has change society by reshaping it to a modern society. The internet has changed social activities and created new cultural norms. The internet brought new ways to contact people from all around the world and to bring news and information in one location. It also provided online banking, online shopping, and many more great things that provide by the internet. This also made it easier for hospitals to obtain you medical history in case of an emergency. The Internet’s impact on the political process and information transparency Previously the only way politicians could reach the public was using the media or meeting people on the street. But now the internet lets the average citizen view each politician beliefs, life style and the changes they are trying to make. It also allows the political staff to communicate faster and helps their campaign. It also cuts down on cost on use less media such a televisions, radio, or newspapers and magazines. The military has many uses for the internet such I was able to contact my husband while he was overseas and it kept us strong. The internet is good for military families because the availability to keep in contact with loved ones. In others ways it’s good for military for the GPS system for direction locations and it is easier to order supplies when needed. But the internet isn’t all good it makes it easier for children to get a hold of porn or sex offenders to get a hold of children or rape of women. There have been case of deaths , rapes and child porn because of the use of the internet. Such as the craigslist killers find people to come out be false stories and killed them. Not saying it’s the internet’s fault but it makes easier to for people to do harm to others. There is also cyber bullying that many teens are affected by today. Cyber bullying is when people use the internet, cell phones or other devices to post text or images that are intended to hurt or degrade another person. Sites like Face book, MySpace, and many others allows peoples peers to say anything, about anyone. Many believe that they are doing no harm by doing this but it has cased suicides in many young teens because of depression. Even though these site where not attended for this it still causes harm. There are site blockers to help protect the children on the internet. That can help stop for children getting into harm. There was also the Dot-com boom and bust this was caused by everything producing to mush too fast. Companies that couldn’t decide on their corporate creed were given millions of dollars and told to grow to Microsoft size by tomorrow. The internet was supposed to help the economy which in some ways it did, but in others it did not. The internet closed down many companies and family business such as video stores, news papers, and some magazine companies. As many more have gotten in debt because it easier to get a hold of a credit card or to get loans online. The internet also makes it easier for identify theft and stolen credit cards and account information. This cause more debt for our society and its really helping are economy. In conclusion the internet has pros and cons people had taken something good and found away to corrupt it. It makes it easier for people’s life today but in ways it also destroys many lives as well. There internet has also brought development of new technology such as better computers, cell phones and many more yet to come. But much of the elderly today don’t want to learn or can’t learn how to us the new technologies. But many jobs today you have to use these new technologies which lead elderly limited on what they can do. So you have to see if the pros outweigh the cons. Also what if we lose these technologies we become so dependable upon? resources Internet, impact on politics. (2008). In William A. Darity, Jr. (Ed. ), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (pp. 107-109). Read more: http://www. investopedia. com/features/crashes/crashes8. asp#ixzz1iVLlwNL1 http://abcnews. go. com/US/ohio-craigslist-killings-mother-teen-son-innocent/story? id=15038334

Engine Lab Report

Engine Lab Report Diesel Engine Load/N |Fuel Time/s |dH/mmH2O |Speed/r. p. m |Temp/? |Air consumption/kg/H |Fuel consumption/kg/H |Air-fuel ratio |Power/kw |Efficiency/ % | |40 |121. 6 |17. 5 |3018 |26. 6 |130. 16 |2. 47 |52. 7 |4. 5 |0. 019 | |80 |94. 72 |17. 5 |3009 |26. 7 |130. 14 |3. 17 |41. 05 |8. 97 |0. 059 | |125 |72. 76 |17 |3009 |26. 8 |128. 25 |4. 12 |31. 13 |14. 02 |0. 111 | |171 |56. 95 |17 |3000 |26. 9 |128. 23 |5. 72 |24. 33 |19. 12 |0. 161 | |212 |46. 06 |16. 5 |3006 |27. 1 |126. 28 |6. 51 |19. 40 |23. 6 |0. 202 | |232 |41. 20 |17 |3010 |27. 2 |128. 16 |7. 28 |17. 60 |26. 03 |0. 216 | | Petrol Engine Load/N |Fuel Time/s |dH/mmH2O |Speed/r. p. m |Temp/? |Air consumption/kg/H |Fuel consumption/kg/H |Air-fuel ratio |Power/kw |Efficiency/ % | |40 |285 |2 |3000 |26. 8 | 42. 50 | 3. 19 | 13. 32 | 4. 47 |0. 014 | |109 |191 |7 |3000 |27. 4 | 79. 44 | 4. 77 | 6. 65 |12. 19 |0. 072 | |160 |160 |8 |2950 |28. 2 | 84. 81 | 5. 69 | 14. 91 |17. 60 |0. 125 | |248 |110. 5 |14 |3000 |28 . 2 | 112. | 8. 24 | 13. 62 |27. 74 |0. 215 | |313 |93. 56 |20 |3000 |28. 3 | 145. 4 | 9. 73 | 14. 94 |35. 01 |0. 290 | |374 |71. 81 |27 |3000 |28. 4 | 168. 9 | 12. 68 | 13. 32 |41. 83 |0. 317 | | [pic] Fig 1 [pic] Fig 2 From Fig 1, we know that air-fuel ratio of the petrol engine is not changing much as the brake power increases, however for the diesel engine, the air-fuel ratio drops as the power increases. This is because the throttle which is situated in the air intake duct of the petrol engine.For the petrol engine, the combustion takes place in the whole cylinder, so the air-fuel ratio should be maintained to make sure the combustion to take place rapidly enough all the time. The throttle will adjust the air-fuel ratio. For the diesel engine, the combustion takes place around individual droplets of the fuel spray, therefore the output is related to the amount of fuel injected, and the air flow is not controlled. Fig 2 shows that the efficiency increases with the power for both engines, however the diesel engine reaches higher efficiency than the petrol engine.This is because, for the diesel engine, the input of the fuel is in the form of fuel spray. The compression of the fuel and air is avoided. This will make the maximum cylinder volume to minimum larger, and leads to higher efficiency. So, the petrol engine should be used in light vehicles because it is lighter than the diesel engine and it can reach higher power than the diesel engine which produces higher speed of the cars. And, the diesel engine should be used for the heavy vehicles, since it has higher efficiency. The heavy cars need to do more work, so the efficiency is more important to them. Engine Lab Report Engine Lab Report Diesel Engine Load/N |Fuel Time/s |dH/mmH2O |Speed/r. p. m |Temp/? |Air consumption/kg/H |Fuel consumption/kg/H |Air-fuel ratio |Power/kw |Efficiency/ % | |40 |121. 6 |17. 5 |3018 |26. 6 |130. 16 |2. 47 |52. 7 |4. 5 |0. 019 | |80 |94. 72 |17. 5 |3009 |26. 7 |130. 14 |3. 17 |41. 05 |8. 97 |0. 059 | |125 |72. 76 |17 |3009 |26. 8 |128. 25 |4. 12 |31. 13 |14. 02 |0. 111 | |171 |56. 95 |17 |3000 |26. 9 |128. 23 |5. 72 |24. 33 |19. 12 |0. 161 | |212 |46. 06 |16. 5 |3006 |27. 1 |126. 28 |6. 51 |19. 40 |23. 6 |0. 202 | |232 |41. 20 |17 |3010 |27. 2 |128. 16 |7. 28 |17. 60 |26. 03 |0. 216 | | Petrol Engine Load/N |Fuel Time/s |dH/mmH2O |Speed/r. p. m |Temp/? |Air consumption/kg/H |Fuel consumption/kg/H |Air-fuel ratio |Power/kw |Efficiency/ % | |40 |285 |2 |3000 |26. 8 | 42. 50 | 3. 19 | 13. 32 | 4. 47 |0. 014 | |109 |191 |7 |3000 |27. 4 | 79. 44 | 4. 77 | 6. 65 |12. 19 |0. 072 | |160 |160 |8 |2950 |28. 2 | 84. 81 | 5. 69 | 14. 91 |17. 60 |0. 125 | |248 |110. 5 |14 |3000 |28 . 2 | 112. | 8. 24 | 13. 62 |27. 74 |0. 215 | |313 |93. 56 |20 |3000 |28. 3 | 145. 4 | 9. 73 | 14. 94 |35. 01 |0. 290 | |374 |71. 81 |27 |3000 |28. 4 | 168. 9 | 12. 68 | 13. 32 |41. 83 |0. 317 | | [pic] Fig 1 [pic] Fig 2 From Fig 1, we know that air-fuel ratio of the petrol engine is not changing much as the brake power increases, however for the diesel engine, the air-fuel ratio drops as the power increases. This is because the throttle which is situated in the air intake duct of the petrol engine.For the petrol engine, the combustion takes place in the whole cylinder, so the air-fuel ratio should be maintained to make sure the combustion to take place rapidly enough all the time. The throttle will adjust the air-fuel ratio. For the diesel engine, the combustion takes place around individual droplets of the fuel spray, therefore the output is related to the amount of fuel injected, and the air flow is not controlled. Fig 2 shows that the efficiency increases with the power for both engines, however the diesel engine reaches higher efficiency than the petrol engine.This is because, for the diesel engine, the input of the fuel is in the form of fuel spray. The compression of the fuel and air is avoided. This will make the maximum cylinder volume to minimum larger, and leads to higher efficiency. So, the petrol engine should be used in light vehicles because it is lighter than the diesel engine and it can reach higher power than the diesel engine which produces higher speed of the cars. And, the diesel engine should be used for the heavy vehicles, since it has higher efficiency. The heavy cars need to do more work, so the efficiency is more important to them.

Succubus Heat CHAPTER 15

Mary's excited blathering rang through the house as I hurried down the hallway. I could see the bathroom at the end and three closed doors along the way. Great. Did they have to be shut? With my luck, they'd probably squeak. I could only hope that Mary would remain too loud and too distracted to notice. The first door opened-with no squeaking-into a bedroom. The bed was unmade, and clothes had been pushed into piles against the wall. An old dresser sat against one wall, and a nightstand with some papers stood near the other. There was also a mirror on the ceiling. Shuddering, I considered going in to investigate the nightstand papers but decided to hold out and see if I might find an office behind one of the other two doors. Shutting this one silently, I continued down the hallway. The second door did squeak, and I froze, waiting for Mary to come tearing down after me in an effort to bludgeon me with one of Seth's books. I wasn't entirely sure how far his star power would go to save me if caught snooping. She didn't look like the violent type, but one never knew. Fortunately, she kept talking without pause, and I stuck my head inside the new room. It was just another bedroom, a guest one by the looks of the dust and lack of personal items. I closed the door, grimacing at another squeak. One more room to go. Jackpot. The third wasn't an office, but it did appear to be a workspace. Wide tables lay along the walls, covered in chunks of crystal-clear quartz, smoky quartz, etc.-in various states. Some were raw and jagged; others were polished and carved. Tools like blades and picks lay nearby, along with a more sophisticated and modern-looking device I couldn't identify. Maybe some type of laser cutter. Best of all, there was a two-drawer filing cabinet against the wall. I hurried to it, still mindful of Mary's chatter, and opened the top drawer. Over a hundred file folders with names met me. I pulled one at random and saw that it did indeed have a job order. There was a description of the item, client information, job status, and a picture of the finished product. Unfortunately, having all this information meant little to me. I had no idea what name had been used for the seal-or if Mary was even the one who had made it. Frustrated, I opened the next drawer and found financial records, like bills and bank statements. I also located folders labeled â€Å"work logs† categorized by month. I eagerly pulled out this month's and discovered a simple list of dates, client names, and brief descriptions of products. All-except for the three most recent ones-had check marks beside them. Finished products, presumably. I scanned the dates before Jerome's disappearance, cross-checking against the descriptions. Green Tara statue . Bracelet . Athame . Three invoices in the last two weeks caught my attention: round pendant, talisman, medallion . I recognized none of the client names, but the culprit could no doubt have used an alias. Returning to the second drawer, I found each client's file. The pendant was the right size and shape, but it had a hole drilled in it for a chain or string. I couldn't say why, but something told me the seal's original form would be whole. The talisman turned out to be the wrong shape. It was thick and oblong, more like a stone someone would keep in their pocket for good luck. I was starting to panic now. This was taking too long, and I couldn't hear Mary anymore. God, espionage had been so much easier when I could turn invisible. With shaking hands, I pulled out the last file-the medallion. The client was Sam Markowitz, and he'd picked it up four days ago. The photo depicted a flat, quarter-sized disc made of smoky quartz with symbols I didn't recognize etched onto it. Was that it? It was the closest I had to a match of Carter's description. There could be other matches-items ordered months ago-but I didn't have time to go through any more files. I shoved the medallion photo into my purse, closed the drawer, and hurried back out to the hall, half expecting to find Mary blocking my path. I had no need to worry, though. She had never left Seth's side-literally. She now sat in my spot, pressing Seth between her and the couch's arm. Two stacks of books were on the coffee table, and an open one was on his lap. He finished signing it and glanced up at my entrance with a relieved look. â€Å"But you see,† Mary was saying, â€Å"until O'Neill is able to confront the darkness within himself, he'll never be able to open himself to Cady. He's had his moments of vulnerability, of course-like the cave scene in Dominant Eclipse -but he's still keeping his armor up-just like on the veranda in Memories of Man -and so it's no wonder-â€Å" â€Å"Hey,† I said cheerfully. â€Å"We should probably get going.† Seth shot up from his seat, looking rather like a trapped animal who had just gnawed its own leg off and was about to run free. â€Å"Yes. We don't want to detain Mary any further.† Mary stood up too. â€Å"No, no! It's okay. Really. And you have to finish signing my books.† With a grimace, Seth grabbed the last three books and hastily scrawled his signature in them. â€Å"Thanks for talking to us,† he said. â€Å"It's been great meeting you.† â€Å"Are you sure you have to go?† she pleaded. â€Å"I was going to make some dinner soon.† She shot me an accusing look. â€Å"And if it's Ginger who needs to leave, I can give you a ride home later in my van-â€Å" â€Å"No, really,† said Seth, backing up to stand by me. â€Å"I appreciate it, but I have to, you know, get back to writing.† Extricating ourselves was painful. Mary begged and kept offering everything from discount jewelry to thinly veiled sexual suggestions. â€Å"Step on the gas and do not look back,† Seth told me when we got in the car. I complied, peeling out of her driveway as fast as I could and kicking up dirt and gravel in the process. â€Å"That right there,† I mused, â€Å"is the kind of fan who keeps authors in their crawlspace.† Seth leaned his head back against the seat. â€Å"Do not ever do that to me again. Ever.† â€Å"I wasn't that far away. I would have heard you screaming.† â€Å"Not if she used ether first. God, Georgina. She had her hand on my leg.† â€Å"That's Ginger to you.† â€Å"Please tell me you got something useful out of that. I know you didn't go to the bathroom.† â€Å"Nope. I broke into her workroom and ransacked her files.† He groaned. â€Å"Breaking and entering.† â€Å"Hey, I'm a creature of Hell. And she technically let us in.† â€Å"What'd you find?† Eyes on the road, I reached into my purse and fumbled until I found the picture. I handed it to Seth. â€Å"This is it?† he asked. â€Å"I'm not certain. It's close to the description, but I don't know enough about this to really say.† â€Å"Hmm.† Seth studied it and then slipped it back into my purse. We rode for a few more minutes in silence until I finally asked, â€Å"I was never that bad of a fan, was I? That crazy?† â€Å"Oh, God, no,† he said. â€Å"Absolutely not. You were charming and cute and-† He abruptly cut himself off, but those words hung in the air between us. â€Å"You-you weren't like that. Nothing like that,† he managed at last. There was a husky tone to his voice, hinting of some emotion but refusing to reveal which one it was. I'd meant my comment to be light, just a way to keep the conversation going. However, like everything else lately, the words had ended up triggering far more meaning than I'd intended. I had a flashback to when Seth and I had first met, when I hadn't even known who he was. I'd rattled off my feelings for my favorite author, little knowing I was actually talking to him. Unlike Mary, I hadn't stalked him on the Internet and known what he looked like. Seth cleared his throat. â€Å"So†¦what will you do with the picture now?† I ran with his change in subject. â€Å"Get someone to identify it, I guess. Erik, maybe. Or Dante.† More silence fell, and I felt the tension ratchet up. Dante. Once again, harmless words had triggered big consequences between us. I expected Seth to try again to shift the subject, but instead, he actually addressed it. â€Å"It's weird†¦seeing you with Dante.† â€Å"Don't you mean it's weird seeing me with anyone?† â€Å"Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Even with my eyes on the road, I knew he had that thoughtful, slightly distracted look in his eyes that meant he was pondering how best to phrase his next words. I used to love that look. Now I was on high alert. â€Å"Yeah, to a certain extent, of course,† he finally admitted. â€Å"It'll always be weird. But every time I talk to him, I just think†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"If you say that I can do better, then I'm pulling this car over right now.† â€Å"Um, no. I was just going to say he doesn't seem like your type.† â€Å"That's nearly the same thing,† I pointed out. â€Å"You sound just like Hugh and the others. I'm getting so sick of this! Honestly, it doesn't matter who I date. You're never going to be happy.† â€Å"That's not true,† said Seth. â€Å"It's just†¦when you're around him, you're darker and more cynical. You're not like you used to be. This sounds stupid, considering what you are, but you're†¦well, you're a force for good in the world.† â€Å"Oh, come on ,† I said. â€Å"No, I mean it. Maybe you are a creature of Hell, but people feel better when they're around you. You have this way of talking and smiling that affects everyone. You're nice, you're good-hearted, you worry about others†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He sighed. â€Å"But when you're with Dante, it's like all that light that normally shines out from you gets sucked away.† â€Å"That light got sucked away a long time ago,† I said bitterly. â€Å"Long before he came along.† â€Å"No, it didn't. It's there, and if you're going to be involved with someone, you need someone who sees it, someone who loves you for it and wants to help bring it out.† I had someone like that , I thought. You . â€Å"Dante and I work well together, no matter what any of you think. He understands me.† â€Å"No,† said Seth flatly. His voice was low, but I could hear the anger in it. â€Å"He doesn't.† â€Å"What other options do I have? You're throwing me into an impossible situation. You know I can't date anyone who's good. I can't risk hurting them, but I don't want to be alone. This is my only option.† â€Å"No. It can't be. Before we were together, it wasn't like this. You weren't drinking all the time and having sex with anonymous guys in bathrooms!† And that's when I did it, just like a dad on a road trip. I pulled the car over to the side of the road. It was a long, country highway, and there wasn't much traffic. Seth stared incredulously. â€Å"What are you doing?† â€Å"Saving us from an accident,† I growled, turning so I could meet him straight in the eye. â€Å"And you'll be lucky if I don't make you get out and walk the rest of the way. Look, you want to know why I wasn't dating loser guys when we met? Because I wasn't dating anyone . I took my hits and went home alone. Why is it so wrong for me to want to be with someone now?† â€Å"It shouldn't matter if you're dating someone or not. You still shouldn't be acting like this!† â€Å"You're telling me what I should and shouldn't be doing? It's my business. You have no right!† I yelled back. â€Å"Friends have every right to tell friends when they're on a bad path,† he snapped back. â€Å"Bullshit! I've never seen you interfere with anyone else's life, no matter how badly they were screwing it up. I'm the only one you seem to want to mess with. Why do you care so much about what I do?† Seth and I had raised our voices only rarely while dating, and it had never even come close to this. It was a wonder we didn't shatter the windows. â€Å"Because I care about you! I told you that at the party. Breaking up doesn't mean you stop caring about someone.† â€Å"Yes, but it means you have to let them go.† I was so upset that I was on the verge of tears. â€Å"You can't have it both ways. You can't get rid of me and then try to pull me back†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I never wanted to get rid of you.† I stared at him for several heavy moments and felt those traitorous tears brimming heavier and heavier in my eyes. â€Å"Then why did you do it?† After all that yelling, his voice sounded barely like a whisper. â€Å"Because†¦I wanted to save you.† â€Å"You can't,† I murmured, swallowing the tears back with great effort. â€Å"You can't keep saving me, can't keep trying to. It's too late.† â€Å"No,† he said. His heart was in his eyes, and it was ripping mine apart. â€Å"Not for you. Never.† I don't know how it happened exactly, but suddenly we were kissing. His lips were just as I remembered, soft and powerful and wonderful. It wasn't a chaste kiss, nor was it a ripping-off-each-other's-clothes kiss. It was hungry and desperate, like we'd been struggling through a desert and only just now found the water we needed to survive. Best of all, it was just kissing. Just me and Seth. There was no life energy or succubus schemes involved. There was no need to back off for fear of what might happen. We could drink from each other without pulling back. Except, well, we did. We jerked apart, and I knew the shock on his face mirrored my own. What had we just done? Had we†¦had we really done it? It was a kiss. A real kiss. The kind of kiss we'd always wanted. The kiss we weren't supposed to be having. I turned abruptly away, staring at the road ahead. I was frozen and numb†¦and yet, alive and filled with warmth. The world had been in that kiss. But I didn't know how to react to it, didn't know what I was supposed to do now. So, I did the most inane thing possible. I started the car. â€Å"We should get back,† I said. â€Å"Yeah,† he agreed, sounding as stunned as I felt. I dared a look out of my peripheral vision. His eyes were fixed straight ahead, his wonderful lips tightened in a line that somehow made them look strong and vulnerable at the same time. I wanted to lean over and kiss them again, to melt as I had moments ago and forget all about reason. I wanted that perfect feeling to last forever. Instead of dealing with what had just happened, however, I did the cowardly thing and stepped on the gas. We drove back to the city in miserable silence, neither of us mentioning the kiss but both of us thinking about it. I dropped him off at the bookstore and offered a polite thank-you for his help. He returned it equally politely-giving me one last pensive look-and then walked off toward his car. I watched him go, memorizing every line of his body and how he moved. Every emotion possible warred within me, and I had no idea which deserved to win. I was exhausted by the time I stepped into my apartment building. The day had been mentally and physically wearying, what with would-be rapists, larceny, and the kiss heard 'round the world. Later, I'd find someone to identify the photograph for me. For now, I just wanted to sprawl on the couch and watch TV, preferably TV that had nothing to do with the magical or paranormal-or any romantic tension. Unfortunately, the magical and paranormal was waiting for me. What's Nanette doing here? That was my last coherent thought before I was thrown against the far side of my living room. I hit hard, my head cracking against the wall. I fell to the ground, my legs just barely possessing the reflexes to keep me from falling as black spots sparkled across my vision. Nanette faced me, terrible and beautiful in all her golden glory. She hadn't laid a hand on me, but she didn't need to, not with the power she wielded. â€Å"How dare you,† she hissed, eyes narrowed. â€Å"How dare you spread those kinds of rumors.† â€Å"What are you-ah!† I was shoved back to the wall again. The distance wasn't nearly so far as before, but the force was so hard that the impact hurt just as much. More pain shot through my skull as I tried to make sense of all this. â€Å"I don't know what you're talking about!† I cried. Nanette stalked toward me, putting her face inches from mine. â€Å"Of course you do. You told Cedric that I was the one who'd summoned Jerome, that I was the one causing chaos in his territory.† â€Å"I didn't,† I whimpered. â€Å"Not exactly. I just told him you'd met with Jerome.† She snarled and grabbed me by the front of my shirt, jerking me forward. â€Å"That was nothing. Nothing! But now others are suspicious.† â€Å"I just thought he should know and-â€Å" â€Å"Do you know what you may have done?† she screamed. â€Å"I was a candidate for this city! You may have ruined everything.† She threw me again, this time toward the corner my TV was in. Its sharp angles bit into me when I hit, and I crumpled to the floor. I tried to pull myself up but never made it. Nanette was right there beside me. I had a full view of her black stiletto pumps just before she kicked me in the ribs. Pain blasted me, and my body instinctively tried to curl over and protect itself. But she was too fast and too powerful. Greg had had a lot of brute strength at his disposal, brute strength I'd been able to counteract a little. But against Nanette? Against a demon? Her strength was beyond that of a human, nearly beyond human comprehension. â€Å"Do. Not. Fuck. With. Me,† she said, punctuating each hit with a kick to my stomach or ribs. â€Å"Do you understand? You are nothing. Nothing .† â€Å"I'm sorry,† I said. My eyes burned, and every part of my body was screaming, begging for this to end. The kicking stopped, and I rolled to my side, only to have a wave of power slam down on me and roll me to my stomach, pinning me down on the floor like an invisible ton of bricks. I tried to move but couldn't even budge. â€Å"I don't care if you're Jerome's favorite or Cedric's new darling,† she said. Her voice was all ice and malice. Again, she didn't touch me with her hands, but the back of my shirt suddenly ripped open. â€Å"I could destroy you right now, blast you from the face of the earth, and no one would say anything. Instead-you're lucky I'm in a good mood today.† Her â€Å"good mood† felt like a thousand whips hitting my back. Tiny lashes of power, sharp as razors and burning like flames, slammed into me. I screamed as they slashed at my skin, ripping it open. Some part of me thought that if I screamed loud enough, maybe a neighbor would hear me. It was a useless sentiment, though. She would have soundproofed this room much as the demons had at the Cellar. Besides, what could any mortal do against this? Again and again those invisible whips tore into me. Obviously, I couldn't see what was happening, but in my mind's eye, I imagined my flesh torn to ribbons, my entire back a horrible, bloody mess. I don't know how many times those lashings repeated. They blurred together. I was fast approaching a point where the pain was so intense, so overwhelming that I almost couldn't feel it. My vision was going black, my brain barely able to hold consciousness. When the beating finally stopped, I wondered if I was dead. The room was still and silent. Then, the invisible force lifted off my back. I tried to roll over but couldn't. Nanette knelt down, her lips right against my ear. â€Å"Do not fuck with me,† she whispered. â€Å"You interfere again, and I will kill you.† She vanished. I was left alone, sobbing and bleeding. I tried to move again but still was unable to. What was I going to do? I couldn't even call for help. Of course, it probably didn't matter. The pain was so great that I was either going to die or pass out any minute now. Human devices might not kill me, but demonic ones could, regardless if I was in stasis. Suddenly, out of nowhere, I felt strong arms slide underneath me, gently lifting me in a way that kept my back up. I stifled a small cry. Even without my back being touched, the movement hit every other muscle and place on my body that Nanette had hurt. I opened my eyes, trying to see who was there, but my vision was swimming and rapidly darkening. â€Å"What†¦Ã¢â‚¬  was all I managed to get out. â€Å"Shh, love. It's going to be okay. You're going to be okay.† Those arms gently eased me onto my bed. I moaned again as fire shot through my ribs. Cool hands smoothed back my hair, but I still couldn't see anything. â€Å"I can't heal you,† the voice said. â€Å"But I'll get someone who can help. Just don't move. It's going to be okay.† There was something familiar about the voice, but I couldn't identify it through the haze and confusion in my head. I could barely breathe, let alone think. Silence fell after that, as though my mysterious benefactor had left. Yet a few moments later, I blearily saw hands set Aubrey on the bed beside me. She leaned forward, sniffing my face. One of the friendly hands petted her head and back, in that way that could so often coax cats into lying down. It worked, and after turning in a couple of circles, she settled down beside me. Then, the hand stroked my hair one last time. â€Å"Everything's going to be okay.† That was the last thing I remembered hearing. My savior might have stayed or left. I didn't know because a few moments later, that blackness finally won, and I sank into a dreamless sleep that was mercifully free of pain.

How Classical Music Infulence Human Lives Research Paper

How Classical Music Infulence Human Lives - Research Paper Example Most homes had at least a musical instrument that was played with lesser or greater skill. Concerts were big events and the people who liked attending them were mostly the rich ones. The pieces prepared for the concerts were longer since people were merely dying to listen to the music. The people could not miss the concerts and wait to pick the cds from music stores the following day. A story is told of J.S. Bach who walked several miles to listen to a performance by a great organist called Buxtehude. Symphonies structured into works of many movements exposed listeners to a variety of intellectual experiences and moods. Music involving dance invited listeners to enjoy. Concerts were great events and these works were not performed all at the same time as they are these days. Originally, symphony movements were separated by other kinds of performances or pieces of music altogether. Today, the cultural, social and aesthetic realities are very different. The time constraints, needs and m usic availability are all different. One can easily turn of or change what they are listening to literally at any time of the day or night. There is need for a totally different approach. The music of today is neither worse nor better, but rather fits this place and time in history. Fortunately, there is always great classical works to return to for inspiration and pleasure. What's the Connection between Classical Music and People's Lives? Classical music has attracted varying perspectives worldwide. During the times of Bach and Mozart, classical music flourished, but today some people, especially the young, perceived it as boring and old fashioned. However, they are missing out since this music is beneficial for the human body and brain. Classical music makes humans... This essay approves that classical music continually developed and evolved from the time of Mozart and Beethoven. It is not about to stagnate anytime soon, but it is continually pushing the sound and music boundaries. Other genres are on constant influence by the advancements in classical music. For instance, Stockhausen's music greatly influenced the Beatles. Many contemporary composers of jazz have employed freedoms and techniques that originated from classical music. Modern classical music has had influence on pop, rock and other genres of music. Rather than blocking the creative ability of contemporary musicians, classical music fertilises and enriches it. The music provides the tools necessary in innovation of other kinds of music. Out of this kind of music come many innovations like the twelve tone method and the ubiquitous staff notation system. This report makes a conclusion that regardless of whether or not one is classical music fan, he/she can always find something that inspires. It could be a specific piece of music, the music of specific composer, the passion and power of musicians performing collectively in perfect harmony or the heartbreaking drama of a particular opera. One can find his/her connection to this kind of music by listening with an open mind. A listener can also perform classical music. Several schools have orchestras and bands. Some cities have municipal bands or youth orchestras. Classical music is the backbone of music, although nowadays people do not appear to really appreciate or enjoy it as they should. People lose out on the benefits the music has on the human body. They need to embrace change and attempt new things, and they could realize that they love classical music. Classical music is among the oldest and most-loved music genres of all times, which can make people smarter.

Between Cinders and Thistles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Between Cinders and Thistles - Essay Example y. Exactly how similar they are brings me back to their structural simplicity. Western versions of Cinderella has been structured simply however complexity in the tales would prove more effective in relating to the reader the morals being implied in the stories. In Campbell Grant's Cinderella, the protagonist is being identified as an underdog who never questioned the injustices done to her. In this question on her innocence or guilt concerning the treatment she receives as the hand of her stepmother, Cinderella poses a pathetic figure, especially when all she could do is sit "weeping in the garden" (Grant) after all her sacrifices. She appears to accept cruelty as if she were born to suffer. And the sad thing about it she never seems to question or discover if there can be some way she could transcend her situation. In contrast, John Gardner immortalizes a stronger heroine in Gudgekin who, given the opportunity by the fairy queen, took her shot as this transcendence, motivated by her pity for others. Meanwhile it appears that Grant's Cinderella felt her persecution more intensely because of her apparent self-pity. Self-pity established this early appears to not have the same effect at wisdom compared to its later attainment in Gardner's ve rsion. Though Gudgekin concedes to her persecution, Gardner narrates the thread of her emotions and reasons for accepting her fate. As he writes, It was a bitter life, but she always made the best of it and never felt the least bit sorry for herself, only for the miseries of others. Cinders 3 the reader reflects on the particular complexity of Gudgekin. "At the stroke of midnight, the spell will be broken. And everything will be as it was before" (Grant), the rule that Cinderella must return from the ball by midnight implies that the fairy godmother has given the protagonist only a one-time magic offer with conditions and no promises. Moreover, it was not explained to the reader what exactly provoked the fairy godmother to help Cinderella other than her tears. The fairy never questioned why Cinderella wanted to go to the social event. It was only by the assumption perhaps that a girl is likely to want to go because all the others were also going or have already gone. With Gudgekin, it was clearly defined why they went to the royal ball, for the reason the fairy queen wanted to change Gudgekin's naive perspective as a means of self-awareness, "it's time you saw the world." (Gardner) And compared to Grant's Cinderella, the fairy queen worked her magic about three times without conditions, except to bring her home to her stepmother in time for her curfew. In Cinderella, the violence is being established collectively while in Gudgekin, the violence escalates gradually, with the stepmother increasing her demands of thistles so as never to be outdone at the market and figuring a way of ridding herself of her Cinders 4 ward. In the first version, the

Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSA's) statements for employment Essay

Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSA's) statements for employment - Essay Example nd shortfalls and finding alternate support method to enhance the transit of logistical requirements of the operation to ensure that its logistical requirements are met and present when they need it. The Joint Chief of Staff serves as military adviser to the President, SecDef, and the National Security Council (NSC). Its operational planning process involves the preparation of Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan (JSCP) which requires the approval of the Chairman of the JCS. The JSCP contains guidance to combatant commanders and the Service Chiefs for the accomplishment of military tasks. The Combatant Commander’s OPLANs, including the TPFDDs, are also forwarded to the office of JCS for review and approval. The Chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff (CJCS) forwards communication and direction from the President and SecDef to the combatant commanders regarding current operations and plans by issuing warning, planning, alert, prepare to deploy, deployment, and execute orders. Training begins with the identification of the gap between the desired performance and the actual performance and the training itself is the process of filling that performance gap. Training is also essential to accomplishing Air Force’s wartime mission and being such, courses and training should be made available to provide individuals basic operational and wartime planning instruction. Such training module should also be perpetually evaluated for relevance, efficacy, timeliness and result. Perpetual evaluation is necessary to keep training abreast with the need of the time that would keep the Air Force achieve its operational and wartime objectives. Streams of data must be filtered according to relevance and timeliness to make it useful to practical operation. Information received should be analyzed and sorted retaining only the essentials while considering the propriety of such data. Practicability of data also includes consideration of sensitive data. In planning for a training

Changes by Tupac Shakur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Changes by Tupac Shakur - Essay Example Grossman and DeGaetano in their book "Stop Teaching Our Kids to Kill: A Call to Action Against TV Movie and Video Game Violence" (1999) pursue this idea even further, as they prove that media not only conditions children and young adults to violent behavior, but also teaches them the "mechanics of killing". The adherents of this theory consider rap music to be one of the greatest threats for the soles and minds of young Americans. Jay Nordlinger in his article "'Bang': Guns, rap, and silence - violence in rap music" published in National Review (April 2001) claims that "gangsta" rappers glory in guns and gun violence in song after song after song." He, along with the other social activists tries to persuade the society that gun violence promulgated in the lyrics and videos of some rap singers is one of the main reasons for the children to bring guns to school and shoot their teachers and classmates. But it's obvious that rap music videos solely are incapable of creating this effect. Social conditions such as poverty, racial discrimination, substance abuse, inadequate schools, joblessness, and family conflict and dissolution contribute to an environment that fosters violence not just rap music videos. Some journalists and psychologists prove that rap videos are just one of the ways of "selling" rap culture. It's true, that for many of the rap singers their music is just the way to earn money and popularity, thus they fill their songs with the content that sells successfully. Unfortunately, there is always a demand for violence on our market. Before blaming rap music and videos for encouraging children and teenagers to commit violent acts, we should try to find out why is this music so popular among them. Why American teens and young adults, at list part of them, want to listen and watch songs, clips, and movies where people abuse, rape and kill each other Maybe something is wrong with our educational system, as it's unable to persuade the youth in the futility and danger of violence, to teach them that their goals can be achieved using other methods Or the problem lies within the society that cannot offer some of its young inexperienced members other sphere for actualizing their potential than that of crime and violence Typac Shakur, who's one of the most prominent rap singers, of our time made a great impact on part of our contemporaries. His texts expressed the opinions for all of those, who were underprivileged because of their race and financial state. This singer had himself grown up in a poor Afro-American family, thus he knew about the realities that were present in his songs. Lots of people say that Typac, together with other rap singers often overcharged the difficulties and severities the Afro-American poor have to experience, but, nevertheless, his songs became tremendously popular. A question arises here which's would his creativity have been so popular if he were lying in his songs Tupac's song Changes is one of his attempts to let the world see what is going on in the blocks were the poor Afro-Americans dwell. Most of us don't believe it until we see it by ourselves, as our

Unit 43 distinction Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 43 distinction - Coursework Example There are several merits of using energy efficient devices, and this include saving of money. Studies have shown that improving the thermal characteristic of a home by buying the latest energy saving equipments easily save about 30% of the energy bills. A properly insulated house shall use less heating fuel and less electricity during summer for air conditioning. Other ways of reducing utility bill is by using CFL bulbs and other energy star appliances2. The energy efficient equipments help in improving the local economy. This can be achieved when the local and domestic companies provide energy efficient devices instead of importing electricity or natural gas from outside the community. By using the energy efficient devices, we help in reducing environmental pollution. The power plants that generate electricity use natural gas or burning oil thus causes air pollution and emission of greenhouse gases. Therefore, by consuming less energy it helps to lower the emission of pollutants in the air. Energy efficient devices will enhance less utilization of the available energy thus saving a lot of energies that can be exported. Exported power earn a lot of revenues to a country that can be vested in improving schools, hospital among others. Moreover, using energy efficient devices improves an individual comfort at home since it reduces expenditure needed to heat their homes to comfortable levels. Electrical energy can be utilized in a commercial building for different purposes including use in computer appliances, driving of lifts within the building as well as maintain the thermal characteristics. Electrical energy can be used to heat equipments to produce heat as well as running the air conditioner machines to bring in cold

Reflection Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Reflection Paper - Assignment Example Corruption has lead to the failure of democracy and good governance in the states that have been hit by this catastrophic. For example in Zimbabwe citizens just hear the word democracy but they haven’t yet experienced it. President Mugabe has used his political power to influence the election so as to favor him to continue be the president. This is an infringement to the rights of the voting citizens who are forced now to be led by a person they haven’t chosen. Since corruption influenced the electioneering process, definitely the governance will not be to the standard. This is because the president has to do a favor to those who supported his candidature and helped in rigging. According to (Fraser, 2007) this favors comes in form of appointment of public offices. The efficiency in the government to dispense service now become a tall order, since the one appointed is chasing his objective of gathering more wealth from the public. It has been noted that most cash got from illegal activities are not banked in the local banks but rather they are moved to other foreign banks. For instance in Nigeria between 1960 to 1999 their leaders had swiss bank accounts and within that period more than $400 had been moved from national treasury without being accounted for (Fraser, 2007). This clearly shows that the leaders have no interest of the people whom they serve. That large amount of fund being moved in an economy creates a financial deficit leads to inflation. Industrialization has brought with it benefits and tragedy too. The problem comes in with management of the waste products. Most companies in Africa receive political backing maybe because they financed the election campaign of the leader who is current in office. The company will use that on their advantage to fail to manage its waste products at the expense of citizens simply because a certain leader will protect them through thick and thin politically. This has

The sociological explanations of relationship Essay Example for Free

The sociological explanations of relationship Essay Assess the sociological explanations of the relationship between occupation and social class. The term Social Class is widely used in sociology to differentiate the population on grounds of economic considerations, such as inequality in terms of wealth or income. An occupation is an individuals established choice of employment which provides most of the time a steady source of income. According to Karl Marx, the transition from feudalism to industrialization has produced a highly unequal capitalist society consisting of only two classes: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The bourgeoisie are the property, capital owning class. They own the means of production and monopolize the profits and values of industrial production. The proletariat are the landless wage workers, the mass of working people who labour for the bourgeoisie as the mode of production. Their rewards are mainly to be exploited by the bourgeoisie and be made poorer, not richer, by the social and technical advances of industrial development. This process is called pauperization. The bourgeoisie derive their class position from what Bilton et al. (1997) calls productive wealth. Productive wealth is wealth which generates additional income, such as capital invested in property or stocks and shares. However, Marx argues that it is not the bourgeoisies high income which allows them to become capitalists, rather it is the fact that they own the means of production. This therefore also makes them the sole owners of the products and their surplus, that is, the difference between the value of the labour and the value of the product of that labour. For example, Westergaard (1997), using statistics from government resources claimed that the power of the top class, which is only 1% of the population, has grown steadily from 1979 to the late 1990s. Denationalization of public enterprises (like British Airways and British Steel) has concentrated power in the hands of private businesses. The power of finance capitalists comes from mass corporate assets whose strategic deployment they lead. The globalist, Leslie Sklair (1995) takes this argument a step further. According to Sklair, the capitalist or ruling class is increasingly exercising power in transnational relationships, that is, relationships that cut across state boundaries. The capitalist economy has become the basis of the global system. Thus, wealthy corporatives like Sony or Ford can exercise as much power as many nation-states. Their products and ideology are increasingly penetrating places like the Third World market with advertising campaigns, brainwashing the masses there to accept these ideologies and products, even as they (the masses) complainingly join the ranks of the exploited. These are the main reasons why Marxists view social class as divisive rather than integrative. They do not believe it is functional for society like the Functionalist, but they do agree it is inevitable within capitalist societies. However, they also argue that there is conflict of interest between the two classes. Hence one day the proletariat will gain true class consciousness, become a class for itself instead of a class by itself, and overthrow the bourgeoisie. Only when this happens, and the means of production are communally owned will classes disappear. Marx for his part, refused to acknowledge class in terms of such categories as occupation, but rather in terms of a deeper understanding of property relations, control and ownership vis-à  -vis the proletariat. There have been many criticisms made of Marxs theory of social class. Peter Saunders (1990) rejects the Marxist view that such a small group of people in society constitutes a capitalist ruling class. While he does not deny that the hundred largest companies produce more than half of Britains manufacturing output, and therefore are responsible for taking the bulk of the key financial and administrative decisions which influences Britains industry, he merely views such individuals as an influential economic elite. Elite theorists also accept that power is concentrated in the hands of a few but denies that this power comes from the wealthy. They see instead power  deriving from the occupation of top jobs in society. For example, the position of Prime Minister automatically places one in the highest class and gives one power. In addition, Marxs theory fails to take into account the Middle Class. Although Marx identified the trend towards more non-manual workers, he made no analysis or explanation of the influence of this group in the class structure. These workers neither own the means of production nor can they be put into the proletariat. They enjoy tremendous benefits in employments, more than their manual labouring counterparts. They have greater job security, shorter hours, longer holidays, more fringe benefits, greater promotion prospects, higher life chances, higher standards of living, less chances of being convicted of criminal offences and higher incomes. For example, Westergaard and Resler (1976) found that men in full time non-manual employment in 1913-14 earned 142% of the average male wage, whereas those in manual employment earned 88%. The British sociologist, Anthony Giddeons believes that this class receives greater job benefits than the lower class or manual workers because they possess widely recognized skills, mainly mental and normally rather functional for society, which they can sell to the highest bidder. The sociologists, Roberts et al. (1977), interestingly discovered while conducting a study of a sample of 243 male white-collar workers that four images within the middle class exist. These four images were very different views of the white-collar workers and their position in the middle class and were affected by their occupational choices. The first image known as middle-mass was held by 22 percent of the sample. This 22 percent believed themselves between a small, rich upper class and an improvised lower class. They held the view that the middle class made up the bulk of the working force, and made no distinction between manual and non-manual workers, different lifestyles and images, and ideological cleavages. Most holding this view were in the middle-range of incomes for white-collar workers. The next image was called the compressed middle-class image and held by 19 percent of the sample. This 19 percent saw themselves squeezed between two groups: the small upper class and an increasingly working class. They felt  threatened by both groups. Persons falling into this category were usually small business people. The third image only had 15 percent of the sample subscribing to it. This image was named the finely graded ladder and contained four or more strata. This image is assumed as typical middle class image and persons holding this view tended to be well educated with professional qualifications and received impressively high wages. They had no sense of class loyalty and rejected the whole principle of social class. The fourth image called the proletarian image received 14 percent of the sample. They considered themselves working class and having more in common with manual workers than top management and higher professionals. Those holding this view were usually in routine white-collar jobs with little possibility of promotion and received rather low wages. Roberts et al. concluded that whilst it is true that there are factors present for the development of middle class attitudes among the white collar workers, such wide variations in white-collar class imagery meant that the middle class was fragmented. In this case, if one is to believe Robert et al. then one can argue that an individuals occupation and his/her opinion of the social status of his/her job, normally encouraged by his/ her level of income, results in what he/she deems as his/her social class, regardless of whether his/her personal view is correctly assumed or not. However, Roberts et al. have received numerous criticisms for their work. Many sociologists believe that one should never rely on subjective class images. Neo-Marxists believe that the middle class is in reality split in two with the upper part closer to the bourgeoisie and the lower part closer to the working class. In fact, the American Neo-Marxist, Erik Olin Wright (1978) acknowledges the presence of a petty bourgeoisie and identifies the Small Employers, that is, those persons who employ other workers, but more than half the profit their business comes from their own labour or that of other family members. This group exists between the Petty bourgeoisie and the Bourgeoisie and make up in the USA in 1969, 6-7%. Wright also notes the Managers and Supervisors group which is between the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat. This group creates 30-35% of the population and is actually in a contradictory position  within class relations. They possess characteristics of both groups but have neither as much control over the means of production as the Bourgeoisie nor as little control as the Proletariat. Persons within this class are normally managers, supervisors, technocrats and foremen. Foremen do not have the control over the means of production or investment but they do have minimal control over the means of production or over the labour of others. Finally, there are the Semi-autonomous wage-earners which consist of 5-11% of the population and are situated between the Proletariat and the Petty bourgeoisie. They have some control over how they work, how they produce and what they produce and hence have minimal control over the means of production. Wright uses as an example, professors in elite universities. According to him, the Bourgeoisie only took up 1-2% of the population. Marxists such as Harry Braverman, struggling to explain what Marxs doctrine does not, goes as far as to say that increasingly more members of the lower middle class are becoming part of the working class because many of them earn less than many manual workers. This process is called proletarianization. Marx ists like Westergaard and Resler believe in the existence of a coherent middle class. They refer to the upper middle class as the Petty bourgeoisie. Marxists claim that while the Petty bourgeoisie does not own the means of production, they are firm believers in the ruling classs values and usually have power over working class members. Marshall et al. (1988) criticises both Robert et al.s study and the Marxists theory. Instead, they point to Webers work on social class which they claim is a valuable explanation for the very broad differences in occupational rewards and position of manual and non-manual workers, as well as allowing gradations of social position within each class grouping. Like Marx, Weber specifically believed that ownership and non-ownership of property are important in the formation of classes. However, he disagrees with Marx on just how important owning property is. Weber preferred to determine a persons class based on their market situation, that is, their buying power in the marketplace. Neo-Weberians like John H. Goldthorpe also prefers to use market and work situation to explain the relationship between occupation and social class. For example he views the middle class as the intermediate stratum [Goldthorpe, 1980]. The intermediate stratum possesses a very weak class identity because the range of occupations within it differs  considerably and because its members are socially mobile. Hence, members remain only a short period before moving to a different class. Goldthorpe concluded that the middle class could not be united because they were divided into various strata. These can be placed into two groups: the service class, which hold higher and lower professionals, and the intermediate class, that is, routine non-manual workers, the self-employed and supervisors. Goldthorpe though changed his theory later. He decided that there did exist a primary division between different sections of the middle class based on employment status. Secondary divisions were based on employee relationships and this distinguishes class. Salary, increments, pension rights and career development opportunities on the other hand distinguished the service class. Savage et al. (1992) criticized both of Goldthorpes theories claiming that there existed a major division between professionals and managers in his service class. Goldthorpe admitted the next problem with his theory: large employers should be place in a separate category. He explains however that the group was so small that he did not see the need to place them by themselves and accepts that this might produce a small amount error. As mentioned before, Giddeons (1973) tends to see the Middle Class as those who possess educational or technical qualifications. They therefore have an advantage over the Working class and Underclass who have only their manual labour power to sell. The Underclass in particular are severely disadvantaged in that they tend to secure employment in the least desirable and most insecure jobs. Ralf Dehrendorf (1959) argues that the working class is divided into three levels: the unskilled manual worker, the semi-skilled manual worker and the skilled manual worker. He claims that this is due to differences in economic and prestige rewards linked to hierarchy of skill. Therefore, persons of the skilled manual workers group, such as skilled craftsmen, enjoy higher wages, more valuable fringe benefits, greater job security and higher prestige than semi-skilled and unskilled groups. In addition to this, Bilton et al. (1997) with regard to occupational labour markets, claim that there has been an erosion, over the past twenty to thirty years, of the traditional distinction between manual and non-manual jobs due to the expansion of the service sector. Today, white-collar jobs in  offices, retailing, repairs and servicing are so poorly paid and routinised that they are little different in terms of status and reward from traditional manual, or blue-collar work. This is especially true of those white-collar jobs which have become feminised in the sense of employing a disproportionate number of female staff. Giddeons furthers this argument, noting that women and ethnic minorities are particularly likely to be found in the lowly paid Working class and Underclass jobs. Employers recruit women to these type of jobs partly because of social prejudice, but also because they are likely to interrupt their careers as a result of marriage and child birth. Ethnic minorities are also the victims of discrimination and prejudice. In these cases, ones ethnic origin, gender and social background determines ones occupation and hence ones social class. To quote Giddeons: Where ethnic differences serve as a disqualifying market capacity, such that those in the category are heavily concentrated in the lowest paid occupations, or are chronically unemployed, we may speak of an underclass. In conclusion, occupation and social class are normally linked to one another. In most instances ones job tends to influence his place in the social strata and vice versa. Many sociologists examine how occupation and social class influence each other differently. In numerous cases they arrive at even more divisions within society than previously considered. Another interesting detail to note is that various other aspects like ones ethnicity and gender actually determine ones occupation and hence ones class. While the intricacies of occupation within the Working class and the Underclass is not discussed to the degree of which they deserve, let it be noted that divisions found within the Working class is discussed in length by W.G. Runciman(1990) and Marshall et al(1988). The basic idea being that the Working Class is even more influenced by an individuals occupation than  the Middle class. The Underclass is considered both by Charles Murray and Ralf Dehrendorf as a sort of disease b ut whether they are to be blamed for their economic state or not or whether certain occupations are just considered as underclass jobs is where these two sociologists depart in their theories. In many instances sociologists like Jan Pakulski and Malcolm Waters (1996) abandon the belief of the existence of social class and claim vigilantly that occupation cannot be influenced by some thing that does not exist. Others, such as Peter Saunders(1996) argue that the strict dictatorial ability of class is disappearing due to societies such as Britain becoming Meritocracies. Therefore, workers are not placed within strict strata because social mobility has now become easier. Instead, as the Functionalists, Talcott Parsons(1964) and Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore(1945) indicated, workers are now placed in socioeconomic order through a competitive process in which skills and abilities of different value and scarcity are carefully identified, evaluated and matched with societal needs.

The Uses Of Bernoullis Principle Engineering Essay

The Uses Of Bernoullis Principle Engineering Essay Airplanes experience a lift force on their wings, keeping them up in the air, if they are moving at a sufficient high speed relative to the air and the wing is tilted upward at a small angle, the angle of attack. The upward tilt, as well as the rounded upper surface of the wing, causes the streamlines to be forced upward and to be crowded together above the wing. The area of air flow between any two streamlines is reduced as the streamlines are squished together. Because the air speed is greater above the wing than below it, the pressure above the wing is less than the pressure below the wing, which is Bernoullis principle. Hence, there is a net upward force on the wing called dynamic lift. Experiments show that the speed of air above the wing can even be double the speed of the air below it. Friction between the air and wings exerts a drag force, toward the rear, which must be over come by the planes engines. A flat wing, or the one with symmetric cross section, will experience lift as long as the fron of the wing is tilted even if the attack angle is zero, because the rounded upper surface deflects air up, squeezing the streamlines together. Airplanes Baseball Curve Why a spinning pitched baseball (or tennis ball) curves can also be explained using Bernoullis principle. It is simplest if we put ourselves in the reference frame of the ball, with the air rushing by. Suppose the ball is rotating counterclockwise. A thin layer of air is being dragged around by the ball. We are looking down in the ba Lack of blood to the brain In medicine, one of many applications of Bernoullis principle is to explain a TIA, a transient ischemic attack (meaning a temporary lack of blood supply to the brain). A person suffering a TIA may experience symptoms such as dizziness, double vision, headache and a weakness of the limbs. A TIA can occur as follows. Blood normally flows up to the brain at the back of the head via the two vertebral arteries one going up each side of the neck which meet to form the basilar artery just below the brain. The vertebral arteries issue from the subclavian arteries before the latter pass to the arms. When as arm is exercised vigorously, blood flow increases to meet the needs of the arms muscles. If the subclavian artery on one side of the body is partial blocked, however, as in arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), the blood velocity will have to be higher on that side to supply the needed blood. The increase blood velocity past the opening to the vertebral artery results in lower pr essure (Bernoullis principle). Thus, blood rising in the vertebral artery on the good side at normal pressure can be diverted down into the other vertebral artery because of the low pressure on that side, instead of passing upward to the brain. Hence the blood supply to the brain is reduced. Other Applications A venture tube is essentially a pipe with a narrow constriction (the throat). The flowing air speeds up as it passes through this constriction, so the pressure is lower in the throat. A venturi meter, is used to measure the flow speed f gases and liquids, including blood velocity in arteries. Why does smoke go up a chimney? Its partly because hot air rises (its less dense and therefore buoyant). But Bernoullis principle also plays a role. When wind blows across the top of the chimney, the pressure is less there than inside the house. Hence, air and smoke are pushed up the chimney by the higher indoor pressure. Even on an apparently still night there is usually enough ambient air flow at the top of a chimney to assist upward flow of smoke. If gophers, prairie Bernoullis principle, physical principle formulated by Daniel Bernoulli that states that as the speed of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases. The phenomenon described by Bernoullis principle has many practical applications; it is employed in the carburetor and the atomizer, in which air is the moving fluid, and in the aspirator, in which water is the moving fluid. In the first two devices air moving through a tube passes through a constriction, which causes an increase in speed and a corresponding reduction in pressure. As a result, liquid is forced up into the air stream (through a narrow tube that leads from the body of the liquid to the constriction) by the greater atmospheric pressure on the surface of the liquid. In the aspirator air is drawn into a stream of water as the water flows through a constriction. Bernoullis principle can be explained in terms of the law of conservation of energy (see conservation laws, in physics). As a fl uid moves from a wider pipe into a narrower pipe or a constriction, a corresponding volume must move a greater distance forward in the narrower pipe and thus have a greater speed. At the same time, the work done by corresponding volumes in the wider and narrower pipes will be expressed by the product of the pressure and the volume. Since the speed is greater in the narrower pipe, the kinetic energy of that volume is greater. Then, by the law of conservation of energy, this increase in kinetic energy must be balanced by a decrease in the pressure-volume product, or, since the volumes are equal, by a decrease in pressure. Daniel Bernoulli formulated a principle that states that as the velocity of moving fluid or gas is increased, the pressure within the fluid or gas is decreased. Bernoullis principle has in fact many practical applications; it is applied in the carburetor and the atomizer, in which air acts as the moving fluid, and in the aspirator, water is acting as the moving fluid. In the carburetor and atomizer, air travelling through a tube goes through a constriction, which causes an increase in the velocity, and a decrease in the pressure. As a result, the liquid is forced up into the air stream (through a narrow tube that leads from the body of the liquid to the constriction) by the greater atmospheric pressure acting on the liquid. In modern everyday life there are many observations that can be successfully explained by application of Bernoullis principle, even though no real fluid is entirely inviscid [19] and a small viscosity often has a large effect on the flow. Bernoullis Principle can be used to calculate the lift force on an airfoil if you know the behavior of the fluid flow in the vicinity of the foil. For example, if the air flowing past the top surface of an aircraft wing is moving faster than the air flowing past the bottom surface then Bernoullis principle implies that the pressure on the surfaces of the wing will be lower above than below. This pressure difference results in an upwards lift force.[nb 1]HYPERLINK #cite_note-20[20] Whenever the distribution of speed past the top and bottom surfaces of a wing is known, the lift forces can be calculated (to a good approximation) using Bernoullis equations[21] established by Bernoulli over a century before the first man-made wings were used for the purpose of flight. Bernoullis principle does not explain why the air flows faster past the top of the wing and slower past the underside. To understand why, it is helpful to understand circulation, the Kutta condition, and the Kutta-Joukowski theorem. The carburetor used in many reciprocating engines contains a venturi to create a region of low pressure to draw fuel into the carburetor and mix it thoroughly with the incoming air. The low pressure in the throat of a venturi can be explained by Bernoullis principle; in the narrow throat, the air is moving at its fastest speed and therefore it is at its lowest pressure. The Pitot tube and static port on an aircraft are used to determine the airspeed of the aircraft. These two devices are connected to the airspeed indicator which determines the dynamic pressure of the airflow past the aircraft. Dynamic pressure is the difference between stagnation pressure and static pressure. Bernoullis principle is used to calibrate the airspeed indicator so that it displays the indicated airspeed appropriate to the dynamic pressure.[22] The flow speed of a fluid can be measured using a device such as a Venturi meter or an orifice plate, which can be placed into a pipeline to reduce the diameter of the flow. For a horizontal device, the continuity equation shows that for an incompressible fluid, the reduction in diameter will cause an increase in the fluid flow speed. Subsequently Bernoullis principle then shows that there must be a decrease in the pressure in the reduced diameter region. This phenomenon is known as the Venturi effect. The maximum possible drain rate for a tank with a hole or tap at the base can be calculated directly from Bernoullis equation, and is found to be proportional to the square root of the height of the fluid in the tank. This is TorricelliHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torricellis_lawHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torricellis_laws law, showing that Torricellis law is compatible with Bernoullis principle. Viscosity lowers this drain rate. This is reflected in the discharge coefficient which is a function of the Reynolds number and the shape of the orifice.[23] In open-channel hydraulics, a detailed analysis of the Bernoulli theorem and its extension were recently developed.[24] It was proved that the depth-averaged specific energy reaches a minimum in converging accelerating free-surface flow over weirs and flumes (also [25]HYPERLINK #cite_note-Chanson2006-26[26]). Further, in general, a channel control with minimum specific energy in curvilinear flow is not isolated from water waves, as customary state in open-channel hydraulics. The principle also makes it possible for sail-powered craft to travel faster than the wind that propels them (if friction can be sufficiently reduced). If the wind passing in front of the sail is fast enough to experience a significant reduction in pressure, the sail is pulled forward, in addition to being pushed from behind. Although boats in water must contend with the friction of the water along the hull, ice sailing and land sailing vehicles can travel faster than the wind.[27]HYPERLINK #cite_note-28[28] Bernoullis Principle

The Weapons of Mass Destruction Have Been Found - In America! :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

The Weapons of Mass Destruction Have Been Found - In America! In the past year, weapons of mass destruction have caused the biggest global uproar since the Cold War. Saddam Hussein has been accused of manufacturing and concealing illegal (according to UN Regulations) weapons. The United States has urged the UN to take action to disarm Iraq of its illegal weapons. After months of tensions building, George W. Bush gave Saddam an ultimatum to either disarm and leave Iraq or the US military would force him to. Bush’s statement captured the attention of people all around the world. US citizens, including college students, realized that we might soon be at war. After Saddam’s last chances had expired, bombs were soon raining down on Baghdad and other parts of Iraq. College students show many levels of interest in the war and spend much of their time watching news stations like CNN and MSNBC, constantly wanting updates. Other students only pay attention to major headlines in the news and newspapers. There were also groups that did not pay any attention about the war and carried on with their lives as usual. For college students, paying attention to the weaponry in this war is important because the US military will physically and mentally change how an entire country exists. Families all throughout Iraq will soon have to deal with bombings all around them. The residents of Baghdad will have to prepare the most for an abrupt change in their lives. As future leaders of our country, are college students prepared to handle the future dilemmas of Iraq, with or without Saddam in power? I would like to talk about the issue of weapons used by the US and Iraq and look at the complexity of the issue from moral, technological, and expense approaches. I want to show how they each have their own niche and how they play intricate roles in the overall topic of â€Å"weapons.† There has been and will continue to always be political discussions on the use and users of military weapons. An approach to these debates that is significant and should not be ignored is the moral use of weapons. Questions arise of knowing how, when, and where it would be wrong to use certain weapons like nuclear bombs or biological weapons.

Audrey Hepbrun: A Hollywood Fairytale Essay example -- essays researc

Outline I. Intro: Thesis- Audrey Hepburn took a difficult childhood and turned it into a gilded fairytale effortlessly. II. Family Life/Growing up: A-Shyness B-Turbulent family III. Suffering in Holland: A-Reasoning to return 1. Childhood in Holland B-"Aware of suffering and fear" IV. Dancing: A-Love of Dancing B-Chorus girl V. Getting into acting: A-Getting started 1. Acting surprise B-First movie role VI. Going to America: A-Can't act 1.Gigi rehearsals B-Audrey makes Hollywood VII. Miscarriage: A- 1st miscarriage 1. Another miscarriage 2. Miscarriage 1966 B-"Gift of God" VIII. Conclusion Audrey Hepburn: A Hollywood Fairytale. Christina Bremmerman Ms. Karyn B. Lentz Honors English 11 May 7, 2002 Bremmerman 1 Christina Bremmerman Ms. Karyn B. Lentz Honors English 11 May 7, 2002 Audrey Hepburn... ...out.("Audrey Hepburn Biography" 3). Even after miscarriages Audrey was still Bremmerman 6 the actress with a perfect life that everyone saw. Giving birth was her greatest feat, even greater than becoming a great actress. She achieved the one thing in life she had always wanted. After many hardships Audrey Hepburn's life changed to the better on the outside, she led the life everyone thought they wanted, but being the scenes she was still being faced with emotional misfortunes. She was a remarkable actress and she becomes even more remarkable as the conflicts of her life are revealed. Bremmerman 7 Works Cited "Audrey Hepburn Biography" [http://www.thefairestlady.com/audrey/printable.html]. May 8, 2002 "Hepburn, Audrey" Americana. 1987 Lavin, Cheryl. "Vital Statistics--Audrey Hepburn" St. Louis Post- Dispatch November 8, 1989 Warren, Jane. The Daily News Woodward, Ian. Audrey Hepburn. New York, St. Martin's press, 1984.

Medieval Europe And The Renaissance :: essays research papers

When I look at the conflicts that medieval European people faced and the conflicts that modern people face, I see a huge difference. Our government, economics, science, mobility, art, literacy and health are very different. Some aspects of religion are different, but not many. The Black Death and feudalism are some major contributions to the medieval times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Black Death is known as a beneficial divider between the central and Middle Ages. The changes are numerous. They include the introduction of gunpowder, importance of cities, economic and demographic crises, and powerful new currents in culture and religion. Overall, the late middle ages were characterized as a period of chaos. The Black Death did not cause the chaos, but the plague definitely contributed towards it, as well as making more problems. The Black Death erupted in the Gobi desert in the late 1320’s. There is no real explanation why. The plague bacillus was alive and active long before that. Europe had suffered from an epidemic in the 6th century. But the disease became relatively dormant in the following centuries. It is said that it was due to the climate beginning to cool in the 14th century. Whatever it was, the outbreak began and spread fast. It mostly went west, but it spread everywhere. The Asian nations suffered greatly as anywhere. In China, the population dropped from 125 million to 90 million. The plague was so widespread; it was said that there was not enough living to bury the dead. Rodents ran the unsanitary streets that carried the fleas that had the disease. This is how the Bubonic Plague was spread. The people believed at the time that the gods were punishing them for things they had done wrong in the past. The Bubonic Plague is transmitted either though an infected rodent (rats, rabbits, etc.) carrying bugs (fleas). It was first thought that the rats themselves transmitted the Bubonic Plague because when people found dead rats in the towns' streets, they would usually flee their civilization in fear of the rodents. But it was observed that people would only get the disease if they came in contact with a rodent or rat that was dead for a short amount of time. The Bubonic Plague is not very common these days, but that is because we live in the United States where our sanitary level is fairly high. But in Africa, Asia, and South America, several people die from it every year.

Fluids And Solids Handling Technology Engineering Essay

Slurry is by and large defined as a thick suspension of solids in liquid. In a commercial slurry grapevine system we deal with assorted composings of slurries at changing distances. The grapevine building techniques for a coal slurry grapevine are about the same for a conventional grapevine. In a slurry grapevine system H2O is used as the chief conveyance medium. The ore is normally assorted with H2O by 50 % such that the slurry can be worked by the pumps and can be transported between the assorted phases. Slurries are divided into two groups harmonizing to their different features ; non-settling and settling slurries. In non-settling slurries, the all right atoms form a stable homogeneous mixtures exhibiting increased evident viscousness. This all right particles causes the slurry to act in a instead unusual manner than a normal liquid and are termed as non-Newtonian. On the other manus, settling slurries are formed by thick atoms signifiers an unstable mixture. The atoms have higher erosion belongingss and organize the bulk of slurry applications. They are termed as heterogenous slurries.[ 1 ]DrumheadSection ( a ) The maps of slurry conveyance can be composed into three major parts which are ; Slurry readying Conveying Dewatering of slurry Ore suppression and grinding Figure 1: Ore Oppressing Process In order for the mineral to be used more rationally, it must be processed and crushed into different sizes such that they can be worked upon by the staying parts of the grapevine system. The oppressing procedure can cut down the size of the ore by 8 inches or less holding decrease ratios of 4 to 10. The size of the ores depends upon the system demands runing from 150mm to less than 1mm in size. These crushed atoms can be farther grinded into smaller atoms ( up to micro metres in size ) such that they can be mixed with the working fluid, holding decrease ratios of 50 to 100. Sometimes by merchandises are added into the system so that the wet content can be retained in the system.coal crusher work rule Picture Mention: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.rockscrusher.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/coal-crusher-work-principle-286Ãâ€"300.jpg Cyclone centrifuges Figure 2: Cyclone centrifuge They are typically used to divide the crushed atoms to a needed size. They use the action of centrifugal force created by a digressive recess. The digressive recess produces a whirl in the system and the heavier atoms are collected on the underside and the igniter particles flight on the top called the whirl. The size of the atoms to be spectated depends on the diameter of the cyclone. Larger the diameter, larger the atom size. Thus cyclones are used in the grapevine system so that the needed partial size of the ore to be worked upon can be obtained. It is of import that the system is harder than the merchandise conveyed otherwise even the presence of little per centums of extremely scratchy stuffs will do terrible wear in the system.Cyclone Centrifuge Picture Mention: hypertext transfer protocol: //2.imimg.com/data2/PK/JO/MY-/cyclone-separator-250Ãâ€"250.jpg Pumps Figure 3: A Centrifugal slurry pump Usually for long grapevines the Piston stop positive supplanting pump are used. These pumps are robust, dependable and have great public presentation while working with slurryaa‚ ¬a„?s in a grapevine. It is a positive supplanting pump that uses the combination of a gum elastic or thermoplastic stop and a non-return cheque valves to pump the fluid. One of the chief advantage is that the pumping Chamberss and the slurry being pumped are non in contact with any close adjustment rotary sliding seals. There is no demand to utilize variable velocity drivers or motors because the capacities are varied within the pumps range. They can develop force per unit areas up to 125 pounds per square inchs when high suction lifts are required. Normally a power supply of 15MW is required to present power to these pumps. The discharge of the pump can be shut off at any clip for long periods of clip with no harm. Fluid force per unit area alleviation valv es or force per unit area control devices are non normally needed as pump discharge force per unit area can be no higher than the air force per unit area. They are self-priming with suction lifts up to 20 pess and more and can pump highly high barbarous fluids. These pumps can be submerged in fluids, even caustic fluids. They can work with immense scope of fluids, even those which are organic and caustic. hypertext transfer protocol: //img.directindustry.com/images_di/photo-g/hard-metal-centrifugal-slurry-pump-20610-2262577.jpg Picture Mention: hypertext transfer protocol: //img.directindustry.com/images_di/photo-g/hard-metal-centrifugal-slurry-pump-20610-2262577.jpg Grapevine The stuff of the pipe should be well much harder than the conveyed stuff such that there is no wear and tear. Their hardness should be greater than the stuff slurry. The pipes are made up of stuffs from high strength low metal steels to bimetallic and metallurgical bonded stuffs. These stuffs are normally enhanced even more to run into the system demands of the grapevine. Debasing the steel can better the strength and wear opposition, for illustration adding high degrees of C and manganese additions the tensile strength of mild steel by 70 % and the wear opposition by 20 % . Other debasing stuffs include chrome, nickel, V etc. The pipe diameter used should be such that the minimal slurry speed needed to forestall solid subsiding is achieved. Figure 4: Slurry Handling System including slurry keeping armored combat vehicle, slurry pump and slurry grapevine A figure of valves and adjustments are used in the system which overcomes obstructions and interruptions in the system. Dump pools might besides be used to pin down the slurry when interruptions and obstructions are needed to be tackled. The pipe stuff microstructure can be modified by cold working ( produces stronger and rougher stuff ) and by heat treating ( better profile than cold working and is done by fire or by initiation hardening ) . However the addition in material hardness decreases its malleable belongings and increases its crispness, therefore by slaking the interior of the surface of the pipe by intensive slaking engineering the needed hardness can be obtained. The outer surface will be still malleable which an advantage because it allows the easiness of transit. Picture Mention: hypertext transfer protocol: //ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0892687510001160-gr1.jpg The interior bed of the pipe can be improved by run alonging it with a bed of wear tiles which are made up of stuffs that are harder than the pipe stuff. They can be cast as rings and layered inside the pipe. Depending on the atom size and form, every bit good as the belongings to absorb impact energy, gum elastic and high ductile polymers can be used to line the inside bed of the pipe. Sometimes double walled pipes are besides used in a grapevine system. It consists of a pipe holding two distinguishable stuffs, a high tensile strength outer pipe covering a hard-boiled inner pipe. This produces system in which the outer aa‚ ¬E?shellaa‚ ¬a„? absorbs the impacts of the interior pipe. However the hardened bed is non bonded to the outside pipe, and can do a plugging obstructor. This is tackled by utilizing bimetallistic pipes which rely on a metallurgical bond between two distinguishable chemical sciences. The interior pipe stuff can be selected depending on the slu rry being conveyed. The outer pipe can be selected by sing force per unit area capacity, lastingness and weld ability. Dewatering of Slurry At the discharge of a slurry grapevine it is indispensable to take the H2O so that the transported stuff can be worked with. It can be done automatically by utilizing filter imperativenesss, screens and extractors. Screening is normally used as the efficiency of dewatering depends on the atom size distribution. In the instance of coal, two phase cyclones are used for dewatering. The underflow from the cyclones is collected in a extractor to cut down the residuary moister content by 17 to 20 % . Hydro cyclones are besides used in some instances. Thermal drying is normally the last measure of the dewatering procedure. Section ( B ) Section ( degree Celsius )

Forensic Analysis Of Soils Environmental Sciences Essay

Soil is a natural organic structure comprised of solids ( minerals and organic affair ) , liquid, and gases that occurs on the land surface, occupies infinite, and is characterized by one or both of the followers: skylines, or beds, that are distinguishable from the initial stuff as a consequence of add-ons, losingss, transportations, and transmutations of energy and affair or the ability to back up frozen workss in a natural environment ( Soil Taxonomy, USDA ) The upper bound of dirt is the boundary between dirt and air, shallow H2O, unrecorded workss, or works stuffs that have non begun to break up. Areas are non considered to hold dirt if the surface is for good covered by H2O excessively deep ( typically more than 2.5 metres ) for the growing of frozen workss. The lower boundary that separates dirt from the nonsoil underneath is most hard to specify ( Soil Taxonomy, USDA ) . Soil consists of skylines near the Earth ‘s surface that, in contrast to the implicit in parent stuff, have been altered by the interactions of clime, alleviation, and populating beings over clip. Normally, dirt classs at its lower boundary to hard stone or to crude stuffs virtually devoid of animate beings, roots, or other Markss of biological activity. For intents of categorization, the lower boundary of dirt is randomly set at 200 centimeter hence the name dirt taxonomy. Forensic analysis of dirts or better known as forensic geology is the survey of grounds in relation to the offense that in demand in the tribunal of jurisprudence in term of minerals, dirt, crude oil and other stuffs found in the Earth. The value that lies in the about limitless figure of sorts of stuffs in dirt is enormous. Large Numberss of measuring and observation can be done to stones, minerals, dirts and related stuffs due to their evidentiary value. For illustration, the figure of atom sizes and distributions of grains combined with colorss, forms and mineralogy are about limitless. These belongingss are identifiable, recognizable, and can be characterized. It is this diverseness in Earth stuffs, combined with the ability to step and observes the different sorts, provides the forensic know aparting power. There have been many parts to this subject of forensic dirt analysis over the last 100 old ages. Many researches have been made by the Laboratory of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in Washington D C. , McCrone Associates in Chicago, The Centre for Forensic Sciences in Toronto, Microtrace in Elgin, Illinois, the former Central Research Establishment at Aldermaston, Kenneth Pye Associates Ltd in Great Britain, The Nipponese National Research Institute of Police Science, The Netherlands Forensic Institute-naming among few of celebrated dirt forensic research labs in the universe. Because much of the evidentiary value of earth stuffs lies in the diverseness and the differences in the minerals and atoms of dirt, microscopic scrutiny at all degrees of instrumentality is the most powerful tool. In add-on, such scrutiny provides an chance to seek for semisynthetic artifact grains and other sorts of physical grounds.1.2 Objective of surveyThe survey is anterior to these intents: I ) To understand the taxonomy of the local dirts. Soil taxonomy is a method is soil categorization based on its composing as the cardinal characteristic. two ) To place the factors or dirt belongingss that can impact the decomposition rate. three ) To detect, step and bespeak how the factors that has been identified, can impact the decomposition rate.Significant of surveyDiverseness in soils chemical and physical belongingss lead to delinearity of decomposition rate. The fact impacting the rate of organic affair decomposition- which is the involvement of this survey, in different dirt types will be studied. Soils every bit diverse as it is incorporating a batch of bing bugs, biological being and chemical composing which is alone to each type of it, that involve in decomposition procedure ( Patrick et al. , 1993 ) . Understanding the soils assortment can assist to understand the function it plays in decomposition procedure and aid in construing the clip interval of decease of dead organic structure in offense instances. Due to the difference in dirt belongingss which can give rise to different rate of decomposition, and by understanding the relation, construing the decease interval at more accurate clip scope can be endo rsed.Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWDirt AnalysisDirts may represent grounds that connects a individual or object to a peculiar location. The value of dirt stems from its ubiquitousness and transferability to objects or individuals. Due to the complexness of dirt, the analysis of its inorganic and organic constituents can supply complementary and independent types of information about its geological beginning, dominant flora, direction and environment. An overview of a scope of dirt word picture methods including chemical analysis, mineralogy and palynology, along with new attacks such as Deoxyribonucleic acid profiling ( Reza et al.,2010 ) and profiling of other digital informations such as that obtained from X-ray pulverization diffraction, infrared spectrometry ( Gavaraglia, 2000 ; R.Linker et al. , 2009 ) and organic marker analysis were reviewed extensively recently for its value in forensic probe. Decomposition in tellurian ecosystem are determined by a set of habitues factors which regulate microbic activity at diminishing graduated table of clip and infinite in the order of: climate-clay mineralogy, alimentary position of the soil-quality of break uping resources and consequence of micro-organisms ( i.e. , roots and invertebrates ) ( Patrick, et al.,1993 ) . In humid state as Malaysia due to propinquity Waterss with mean temperature at 20-30 & A ; deg ; C, decomposition can be altered henceforth the appraisal of the clip of decease. It is good understood that temperature can hold important consequence on the decomposition of corpse due to metamorphosis of bugs and dirt chemical reaction ( Paul et al. , 1996 ) . Furthermore, varsities in dirts type give rise to different set of bacterial ecology in the dirt environment. Dirt with an active microbic population may hold the capacity to break up organic affair more rapidly ( Fiedler and Graw 2003 ) and dirts exposed to corpses ( or potentially merely fertilization with NH4 ) antecedently, may hold a community of bacteriums and Fungis adapted to cadaver decomposition ( Carter and Tibbett 2008 ) . This extrinsic factor aside from burial deepness of corpse and insect entree modulate the common relationship of macro-microorganism finally the rates and tracts of decomposition ( Kenneth et al. , 2005 ) . Physical texture, whether the dirt is flaxen, silty or clayey can deeply impact the rate of decomposition by restricting the motion of gasses and H2O to and from the site of biodegradation and O2 demand and waste gas coevals ( i.e. the corpse ) . On the other manus, the sourness, alkalinity, foods and degree of taint of a dirt may impact decomposition rates deeply ( Tamsin et al. , 2009 ) .2.2 Forensic value of dirtComparison of dirt physical has helped to work out many offense instances. The comparing based on dirt atom, colour, and composing of clay, sand and many more has aid justness to be served. Current analytical methods allow forensic scientists to either concludes that the grounds did non portion a common beginning with a criterion or that the two dirt types are similar i n all analytical respects and can non be excluded ( Cox et al.,2000 ) . However, decomposition of dead body-cadaver every bit far as this survey concerned has ill understood. This is the country of forensic taphonomy which aims to supply information relevant to the tribunals in instances where corpses have been allowed to break up. The surveies of the effects of the local dirt composing towards decomposition procedure were non many reviewed although has been extensively reviewed in many abroad literatures. Post mortem interval ( PMI ) is the clip elapses since a individual has died. Determination of PMI normally done by the diagnostician by looking at several common factors such as algor mortis, asperity mortis, vitreous temper, self-digestion and forensic bugology. Harmonizing to Jaggers et al. , dirt wet has a important impact on type, rate and the extent of organic structure debasement which finally affects appraisals of PMI. The influence of wet on decomposition in dirt is by and large due to its consequence on dirt microbic activity, as micro-organisms are the primary decomposers in dirts ( David, et al.,2010 ) . Alteration of dirt composing can besides change the appraisal of PMI.Chapter 3Methodology3.1 Soil SampleThe dirt samples for this survey will be taken in the country of Skudai, Johor. The distinction of each sample will be characterized via United States of America Soil Taxonomy. The selected dirts are Brown Sodosol which has loamy sand texture, Rudosol that has sandy tex ture and Grey Vertisol that has medium clay texture ( David et al. , 2010 ) . Pre-treatment of the dirt will be performed consequently to the Method for Soil Analysis, USDA revised version 2006.3.2 CadaverJuvenile rat ( Rattus Rattus ) corpses ( 18g wet weight ) aged 8-10 yearss were used as organic resource spots. Rats were killed with C dioxide instantly anterior to burial ( David et al.,2008 ) .3.3 Experimental DesignThe dirt samples will be sieved to a similar particulate size. The weight of each dirt samples will be changeless at 500g after incubation at 22 & A ; deg ; C ( Carter et al. , 2008 ) . The measuring of corpse decomposition will be done harmonizing to cadaver mass loss ( Carter et al. , 2008 ) , dirt pH ( Veronique. , 2006 ) , microbic biomass C ( Anderson and Domsch. , 1978 ) , and enzyme activity ( Ladd and Butler, 1972 ) .3.3.1 Cadaver Mass LossUpon disinterment, corpses will be instantly frozen ( -20 & A ; deg ; C ) . Once frozen the corpses were rinsed with dist illed H2O to take any extra dirt, dried with a paper towel and weighed.3.3.2 Soil pHThe pH of the dirt will potentiometrically measured in the supernatant suspension of a 1:5 dirt: liquid ( v/v ) mixture. This liquid is a 0.01 mol/l solution of Ca chloride in H2O pH-CaCl2 or H2O pH-H2O. A representative sample ( at least a volume of 5 milliliter ) of the air-dried dirt ( fraction & A ; lt ; 2 millimeter ) will be taken. The trial sample will be placed in the sample bottle and Ca chloride solution ( pH-CaCl2 ) or H2O ( pH-H2O ) will be added five times of the trial sample ‘s volume. The suspension will be shook and assorted smartly for 5 proceedingss before Lashkar-e-Taiba to be stabled for 2 hr. The measuring of suspension ‘s temperature will be taken and ensured non to be distinguishing more than 1 & A ; deg ; C from the pH metre buffer solution. ( Veronique, 2006 ) .3.3.3 Carbon Dioxide Evolution30 ml phial ( Crown Scientific, Newstead, Queensland, Australia ; Product no. 735 ) ( CO2 trap ) will be filled with 20 milliliters sodium hydrated oxide ( NaOH ) ( 0.465 M ) and suspended above the dirt surface inside incubation Chamberss designated for dirt sampling after 28 yearss. The incubation chamber will so be sealed. CO2 traps and the air in the incubation chamber headspace demand to be replaced every 24 hr. Upon remotion from the incubation chamber the electrical conduction of the NaOH solution inside the CO2 trap will be measured utilizing a Metrohm 660 Conductometer ( Herisau, Switzerland ) ( Rodella. , 1999 )3.3.4 Microbial Biomass CarbonMicrobial biomass C can be estimated within 1 hr of crop utilizing the substrate-induced respiration ( SIR ) technique ( Anderson and Domsch, 1978 ) with some alterations ( Lin and Brookes, 1999 ) . Soil ( 5 g dry weight ) will be weighed into 30 ml McCartney bottles and amended with glucose solution ( 6 mg/ g dirt ) in order to graduate them to 95 % water-holding capacity. Following the amendment on the gluc ose solution, a 6 milliliter vial incorporating 5 ml NaOH ( 0.1 M ) ( CO2 trap ) will be placed on the dirt surface and the McCartney bottle was instantly sealed. Samples will so incubate in the dark at 22 & A ; deg ; C for 3 or 4 hours based on preliminary experiments. After the incubation period CO2 traps were so removed and sealed. The NaOH solution from the CO2 traps was backtitrated with HCl ( 0.1 M ) into 5 milliliters BaCl2 ( 1.0 M ) and 3 beads phenolphthalein as index ( Rowell, 1994 and Davie et al. , ) . Microbial biomass C was so calculated as in Anderson and Domsch, 1978.3.3.5 Enzym ActivityThe activity of casein-hydrolysing peptidase and phosphodiesterase ( orthophosphodiester phosphohydrolase: EC 3.1.4.1 ) will be assayed. Proteolytic hydrolysis of casein will be measured as describe in item in Ladd and Butler ( 1972 ) . The procedural involved the use of protein and dipeptide substrate in the absence of added bacteriostatic agents. The rate of substrate hydrolysis was relative to the dirt concentration ; the release of amino compounds per unit weight of dirt was straight related to the incubation clip.Chapter 4EXPECTEDEXPECTED RESULT4.1 Soil SampleJohor encompass about 27 % of overall peat dirt distribution in Malaysia ( Soil Map Malaysia, 2004 ) . This survey expects to detect major peat dirt characteristic during physical and chemical word picture of dirt samples taken around this province country. Though, the major country are covered with peat dirts, organic dirt The discrepancy in dirt belongingss which will be expected to be discovered are in term of dirt pH, bulk denseness, H2O conduction, bleeding ability, colorss and entire organic content.4.2 Experimental ConsequenceDecomposition rate in gathered sample dirts are expected to will be different. Dirts with low pH value and low H2O conduction proposely will anticipate to give high rate of decomposition. Dirt with high sand, clay and silt composing nevertheless, is predictedtoexpected to g ive low rate of decomposition due to high aeration and high H2O conduction. The relation in between factors involve in decomposition among the dirts will be made through similar form revealed during the survey.4.3 DecisionThe survey hopes to accomplish all of its aims. The taxonomy of locally collected dirt sample will be understood through detailedthorough survey and categorization. The factors involve in decomposition and the belongingss soil factors that are giving impact in the procedure will be besides identified. Understanding the alone feature of dirt will assist in understanding the nature manner in distinguishing the rhythm of decomposition of organic stuff which. It is beyond what a the bare oculus can see. Knowledge associating the nature cycling of organic affair and pathology finding of clip of decease in lab will assist forensic scientist articulating the right of a casualty in a more self-asserting manner.